Who is better, real person or machine

On November 17, the long March-5 remote-5 carrier rocket and chang'e-5 probe have been transported vertically to the launch site. The lunar sampling drama, which has been long expected by Chinese people, has played a prelude and will soon be unveiled. According to the National Space Administration, the chang'e-5 mission is the sixth mission of China's lunar exploration project. It plans to realize automatic sampling and return of the lunar surface, which is one of the most complex and difficult tasks in China's aerospace field. what foreign earth digging attempts have been carried out internationally? Which is the better way to collect with people or without people? The space experts gave an introduction to the reporter of science and technology daily. the better the equipment, the richer the samples collected by astronauts. In July 1969, Apollo 11 landed in the sea of tranquility near the equator of the moon. Astronauts Armstrong and aldrin, who completed the first human lunar landing, collected soil with a sampling bag at the top of a pole, carried the full bag into his "trouser pocket", and picked up rocks with shovels and rods with mechanical claws. Aldrin also picked up the drill pipe and hammer and took two cores. They stayed on the surface of the moon for 2 hours and 32 minutes, and moved about 1km in total. Only when the ground warned them that their metabolic rate was too high, they reluctantly returned to the spacecraft. This time, they got a total of 21.55 kg of lunar samples. Apollo 12 and 14 also landed on the equator of the moon, and the astronauts were more and more eager to collect samples and more and more samples were collected. To the Apollo 15 mission, astronauts equipped with "guns for birds", carrying a lunar rover developed by Boeing company, astronaut Alvin also became the first person to drive on the moon. The emergence of vehicles has greatly increased the range of activities of lunar astronauts. Apollo 16 astronaut John Young also made a record of 11 km / h on the moon. At the same time, the samples they collected doubled compared with previous missions. on the Apollo 17 spacecraft, a special astronaut appeared. He was the only geologist Schmidt in the whole Apollo program. His participation pushed the lunar "earth digging" cause to the top. Frantic Schmidt worked hard with his commander, sernan, for 22 hours in three lunar activities, bringing back 741 samples with a total weight of 111 kg, including a core drilled 3 meters deep. There are many kinds of unmanned sampling activities. as the opponent of the United States in the lunar landing competition, the Soviet Union started the exploration of unmanned lunar sampling due to the frustration of manned lunar landing plan, and became the pioneer of this technology. The Soviet Union collected more than 300 grams of samples on the moon using lunar probes 16, 20 and 24. with the development of space technology, the goal of human exploration is no longer limited to the moon, and various unmanned "earth digging" activities have been carried out. In February 1999, the United States launched the Stardust comet detector. Its main mission is to fly to comet Wilder 2, collect dust and gas samples during the process of passing through the tail and send them back to earth. On January 2, 2004, Stardust and wilder 2 collided and were hit by millions of comet particles. In the meantime, Stardust extended an aerogel dust collector like a tennis racket to collect dust particles from comets. Pang Zhihao, chief scientific communication expert of the national space exploration technology, introduces the one and only "aerogel dust collector" designed by Chinese American scientist Zou Zhe. When particles collide with aerogels, they immediately bury themselves in it. After the collection, the collector folded into the badminton shaped return capsule and stored the samples in the container. After returning to the ground, scientists searched for comet dust. in August 2001, the U.S. origin probe took off, arrived at 1:00 of solar terrestrial Lagrange after four months of flight, and worked at the location for 850 days, collecting 10-20 micrograms of solar wind particles. the collection equipment on the origin is very pure. Pang Zhihao introduced that the origin looks like an open wrist watch, and the sampling return module is installed on the top of the platform. The solar wind particle collector array and ion concentrator are installed in the sampling tank, and the collector array is deployed by the central rotating mechanical device. However, in September 2004, due to the wrong installation of accelerometer, the main parachute failed to open according to the program. The reentry module hit the ground at the speed of 32 km / h and was damaged. Finally, the researchers recovered only part of the solar wind particles. This is not the first time that humans have tried to obtain solar samples. In fact, since Apollo 11, Apollo program has also carried out experiments on solar wind composition. Pang said the Apollo mission was to collect solar samples from the Earth Moon space using a piece of tin foil on the surface of the spacecraft. However, it is difficult for scientists to tell whether the material collected is from the sun or the foil itself. In 2003, Japan took the lead in asteroid sampling. In May this year, the world's first asteroid sampling and returning probe, Falcon 1, was launched and flew to the asteroid Ishikawa at an altitude of 20 km in September 2005. Falcon 1 collected samples by landing on an asteroid and inhaling flying dust, but it failed during the mission and did not return to earth until June 2010. Although the mission has been completed with twists and turns, it still makes Japan the first country in the world to sample and return asteroids. At present, it has been confirmed that the probe has obtained 1500 samples on the surface of Ishikawa asteroid. in December 2014, Japan launched the more advanced Falcon 2 to explore the Dragon Palace asteroid. The sampling method of the probe is to launch metal bombs to the asteroid, then land at the impact crater, absorb the flying debris and fly away quickly. Falcon No. 2 has carried out three times of sampling, and more than 20 grams of samples have been collected. It expects to send samples back to earth by the end of 2020. the most recent asteroid sampling took place on October 20 this year, when the U.S. Pluto probe used a sampler at the end of the sampling manipulator to collect more than 60 grams of weathered layer samples from the surface of bernu asteroid. The probe plans to return the sample capsule to earth in September 2023. in addition, the United States also launched the will Mars probe on July 30 this year, which plans to explore and collect samples from the Mars jezerro crater. The samples will be preserved by will and brought back to earth during a joint US European space mission in 2031。 There are differences between manned acquisition and unmanned acquisition. looking back on the history of human extraterrestrial "earth digging", it can be seen that, except for the manned acquisition mode adopted by Apollo program, the rest are unmanned. Which one is better? Which one is better than machines? According to Pang Zhihao, in terms of the number of samples collected, there is no doubt that someone has the advantage. About 380 kg of samples were brought back by Apollo program, which was thousands of times more than that of the unmanned collection mission carried out by the Soviet Union during the same period. These samples have not been studied yet, and most of them are still sealed in the laboratory. According to Yang Yuguang, a researcher at the second Institute of China Aerospace Science and industry group, the greater advantage of someone collecting is that they can adapt themselves to different situations in their tasks. The loading capacity of spacecraft is limited. The significance of the samples collected depends on their representativeness and particularity. For example, during the Apollo 17 mission, Schmidt picked up an orange moon rock, which was very special, Yang said. Such rare samples can only be obtained by careful search of astronauts, and it is almost impossible to obtain such rare samples by unmanned sampling. However, the participation of astronauts has greatly increased the difficulty and cost of space missions. According to Yang Yuguang, an Apollo spacecraft weighs about 45 tons, while the Soviet Union's "Moon" unmanned sampling probe weighs less than 6 tons, while China's chang'e-5 probe weighs more than 8 tons. At the same time, manned flight mission requires high safety, reliability, and life support system, which directly affects the scale and cost of the project. Pang further explained that an Apollo moon landing spacecraft is more than 10 times more expensive than the same weight gold, while the Saturn 5 rocket used to launch the Apollo spacecraft costs as much as $500 million. The Apollo program lasted 11 years and cost $25.5 billion. In order to implement the program, the annual budget of NASA accounts for about 4.5% of the total budget of the U.S. government, and the average American family has to bear more than $400. However, unmanned acquisition not only has a small scale and low cost, but also does not need to consider the issues of life insurance and supply. The mission cycle can be as long as several years, and the detection distance can reach hundreds of millions of kilometers. Yang Yuguang believes that in the next decade or so, unmanned data collection will be the mainstream of "earth digging" by extraterrestrial satellites. However, it is not useless for someone to collect. Yang Yuguang said that for some special missions with complex situations and strong purposes, such as discovering an interesting asteroid, it is necessary to rely on human beings to collect some special samples. In this case, it is worth paying more cost and time. in the future, if human beings establish permanent bases on the moon, which will produce more scientific and engineering needs, then astronauts will also need to stay for a long time to carry out a larger range of investigation activities. (reporter Fu Yifei)

2023-03-22 10:04:23

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